Ivory Egg Blog Archive

Posts Tagged ‘KNX’

Entrance to the St Mary’s Hospital School of Medicine & Dentistry features a grand outdoor foyer that’s augmented by a stunning glass facade. To provide visual comfort for students and teachers, 25 interior blinds measuring 18m high by 6m wide were installed adjacent to the glass frontage of the building. This allows occupants to take advantage of natural daylight without the inconvenience of excess sunlight or glare.  Motorised facades can be used to deliver any, or all, of the features below:

Daylight Management
Maximising the use of natural daylight ensures greater visual comfort and significantly reduces the need for artificial lighting, lowering energy consumption and operating costs. Research has proven that people are more productive in a well lit room, especially when lit with daylight. Daylight intake should be maximised, controlled and supplemented with artificial light to optimise building performance and provide comfort. Artificial lighting can amount to 35% of a commercial building’s energy costs, so maximising the use of natural daylight and eliminating the need for artificial light can help significantly reduce costs.

 

Heating & Cooling
Bio-climatic design aims to reduce the energy consumption rate required to operate a building, while ensuring a comfortable indoor climate for the occupants. This is achieved via the following:

  1. To provide comfort during the summer requires a Cooling Strategy - Protection from direct solar gain and glare, minimizing heat gain, dissipating solar heat gain and cooling the building naturally.
  2. Comfort in the winter requires a Heating Strategy – Utilising solar gain, storing it in thermal mass, retaining heat through insulation and transmitting it throughout the building.

Natural Ventilation
Naturally ventilated buildings with automated windows and night cooling can significantly reduce the need for additional cooling and improve air quality, creating a healthier, more productive working environment. Naturally ventilated buildings are a key element of Bio-climatic design, helping to save energy by reducing demand for air conditioning. Night cooling by ventilation lowers the temperature of a building at night, significantly reducing temperature from the daytime peak (typically by 2/3 degrees). Night cooling can only be achieved if windows are automated and controlled. This can also improve air quality by evacuating fouled air which has built up during the day.

Optimal use of Shading Devices
In order for solar shading to perform effectively, automation is essential. Manual systems do not allow for optimal use of shading because they do not adapt to the needs of the building. Manual systems require operation from users throughout the day, which is not always possible. In order for shading to be truly effective, it should be automatically controlled, responding to changes in temperature, light levels, occupancy and time of day. This ensures occupants are protected from solar gain and glare in a comfortable working environment, and the need for additional cooling is eliminated.

Facade Management Systems
Facade Management Systems provide centralised control for any type of solar shading and window opening device, within an entire building or façade, through the KNX protocol. A central user interface allows a Facility/Building Manager to monitor and operate all shading devices within a building from a local PC. Occupants can adjust shades to their preferred settings via local control units, wall mounted switches or remote controls.

Sun Tracking
A range of solutions are available featuring Sun Tracking functions to position all types of solar shading according to sun position.

Local Controls
In every project development, it is important to consider the needs of end users. Local user controls should be provided for occupants to control different aspects of the indoor environment, e.g. control of blinds to eliminate direct heat gain and glare. Whatever the technology may be, there is a wide range of controls available; from wall mounted switches to remote controls using radio (RTS), infrared, wired or digital technology.

Residential Building Solutions
A wide range of solutions are also available for the centralised management of solar shading and security applications in and around the home. Applications may include curtains, blinds and shades, projector screens/projector lifts, awnings, roller shutters, garage doors and other interior and exterior applications likely to be automated in a residential building environment. Wired and wireless solutions are available for automatic control and seamless integration with other home automation systems such as lighting, AV and heating.

There are a number of reasons why you would want to incorporate dimming lights into your home or business premises.  For a start they help to create the perfect ambiance, provide flexibility to any room and help you achieve the right lighting.  Dimming helps you create the right visual experience, but most importantly it helps to reduce electricity usage and maintains the life of your lamps/ballasts.  For example, dimming fluorescent lighting control in an office building instead of repeated switching helps to increase lamp life and gives employees much greater personal control to set preferred light levels for specific tasks or times of the day/year.

You can utilise lighting control strategies to significantly improve the performance of any building.  By simply designing room absence/presence detectors, daylight sensors and/or automated time-based controls with fluorescent dimming you can carefully control the lighting in an entire building and further reduce electricity usage.  This can result in not only saving energy, but also costs, especially in a large commercial building.  However, the dimming methodology required is always entirely dependent on the lamp or the ballast used.  The key dimming methods are detailed below and all of them can be easily achieved with KNX dimmers:

1. Mains dimming involves decreasing and increasing the voltage to the lamp and is the traditional form of dimming associated historically with a rotary dimmer.  A KNX universal dimmer performs this kind of dimming and is capable of sensing the type of load (trailing edge or leading edge).  It is now possible to mains dim some LED and CFL lamps, though it would always be recommended to use a proper dimming control method as below.

2. 0-10V is one of the earliest and simplest electronic lighting control systems; simply put, the control signal is a DC voltage that varies between zero and ten volts. The controlled lighting should scale its output so that at 10V, the controlled light should be at 100% of its potential output, and at 0V it should at 0% output (i.e. “Off”). Dimming devices may be designed to respond in various patterns to the intermediate voltages, giving output curves that are linear for: voltage output, actual light output, power output, or perceived light output. For dimmable Fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1-10v, where 1v is minimum and 0v is off) the system is being replaced by DSI, which itself is in the process of being replaced by DALI. For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-10v.

3. DSI – Digital Signal Interface is a protocol for lighting control in buildings (initially electrical ballasts). It was created in 1991 by Austrian company Tridonic ATCO and is based on Manchester-coded 8-bit protocol, data rate of 1200 baud, 1 start bit, 8 data bits (dimming value), 4 stop bits, and is the basis of the more sophisticated protocol Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI). The technology uses a single byte to communicate the lighting level ( 0- 255 or 0×00-0xFF). DSI was the start of digital communication technology and was the precursor to DALI. For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_Interface.

4. DALI – The Digital Addressable Lighting Interface is a digital protocol for lighting control in buildings, such as electrical ballasts and dimmers. DALI was established as a successor for the still market dominating 1-10v and an open standard rival to Digital Signal Interface (DSI), on which it is based. DALI is standardized in accordance with International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60929, standard for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Each piece of operating equipment with a DALI interface can be communicated with over DALI individually. Using a bi-directional data exchange, a DALI controller can query and set the status of each light. As a standalone system, DALI can be operated with a maximum of 64 devices. Alternatively, DALI can be used as a subsystem via DALI gateways. For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface.

5. DMX – DMX512-A is an EIA-485 based communications protocol that is most commonly used for stage lighting control and effects. Developed by the Engineering Commission of USITT, the standard started in 1986, with subsequent revisions in 1990 leading to USITT DMX512/1990. In 1998 ESTA began a revision process to develop the standard as an ANSI standard, including a Public Review process. The revised standard, known officially as “Entertainment Technology – USITT DMX512–A – Asynchronous Serial Digital Data Transmission Standard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories”, was approved by ANSI in November 2004. This current standard is also known as “E1.11, USITT DMX512–A”, or just “DMX512-A”, and is maintained by ESTA. DMX512 was originally intended as a ‘lowest common denominator’ protocol for use between interfaces supporting proprietary protocols. However, it soon became the primary method for linking not only controllers and dimmers, but also more advanced fixtures and special effects devices such as fog machines and moving lights. DMX512 is unidirectional and does not include automatic error checking and correction, so it is not safe to use for applications involving life safety, such as controlling pyrotechnics or laser lighting display where audience or performer safety is involved. MIDI is sometimes used for this task. For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(lighting).

Alongside increased energy generation from renewable sources, energy efficiency is one of the two key strategies that the government is promoting to cut greenhouse gas emissions.  The UN sees efficiency improvements as quicker and cheaper to implement than green energy, and such speed will be crucial to avoid ‘tipping points’ – where dangerous runaway climate change occurs – that (and this is the scary part) scientists believe may be less than 10 years away.

Energy efficiency has a crucial role to play in cutting CO2 and other greenhouse gases.  The International Energy Agency (IEA) believes that improvements in efficiency alone could be responsible for around 65% of the reduction in emissions from developing countries over the next 20 years, while the UK’s Committee on Climate Change has placed energy efficiency at the centre of its proposal for meeting the UK target of an 80% reduction in emissions by the year 2050.

Climate change and our ever-depleting energy resources mean that efficient energy use is a major social issue.  And because they account for around 40% of total energy consumption, our buildings represent a significant opportunity for us to save a significant amount of energy.  KNX meets the requirements of the top Energy Performance Class for building automation as per EN 15232.  This basically means that KNX is ideally suited to fulfilling the tightened energy consumption requirements for buildings and can allow up to 50% energy savings across a building.

Table 1: Energy Savings with KNX
Source: Energy Efficiency with KNX

  • Up to 40 % with KNX shading control
  • Up to 50 % with KNX individual room control
  • Up to 60 % with KNX lighting control
  • Up to 60 % with KNX ventilation control

Buildings that are energy efficiently designed and operated are no longer unique.  Even the description ‘an intelligent building’ is beginning to lose its press appeal.  However, both trends are currently revolutionizing increasingly ambitious architecture and setting a course in the worldwide fight against climate change.  In reality, energy conservation in the building sector has, to a degree, become a trend and has slowly become an everyday concept for architects as well as for building contractors.  Due to the recently recurring annual natural disasters, both large and small, we can see the impact of increasing climate change.  We are, therefore, forced to look to the future and take responsibility for the actions of our society today.

During the construction of a building, as well as during its operation, large amounts of energy are used and for this reason, targeted usage in this area is highly effective.  This does not necessarily mean the ultimate goal should be a ‘zero-energy buulding’.  On its own the intelligent networking of all devices to a decentralized complete system can deliver unforeseen savings.  The networking of all electrical functions in a single installation bus system provides the opportunity for optimal coordinated control.  The operation of heating, air-conditioning, lights and blinds for example can be aligned with external climate conditions and be controlled from an interface.  Energy consumption is thereby kept to a minimum.

Since all electrical driven equipment and installations can be flexibly combined with one another and can be controlled by touch panels or by public networks (telephone, internet), in terms of design and comfort, this opens up unlimited possibilities – from efficient building management through to intelligent security control, the storage of different light, noise and air quality requirements, which can all be realized without great effort.

The creativity of the designer is now called upon, thereby bringing closer the goal of creating expressive and exciting architecture, which is both ecologically sound and profitable.  One thing is crystal clear – we control climate change and with KNX we can make a significant contribution to improving energy efficiency!

Visit knxshop.co.uk - the UK’s leading on-line supplier of KNX products for building control, including lighting, heating, blinds, audio and much more.

Constant Daylight in an Office

September 16th, 2009

Dedicated lighting control modules from have Constant Daylight (Daylight Harvesting) capabilities, making commercial lighting more energy-efficient.

While there are many strands to carbon footprint reduction, commercial lighting is probably the most visible and emblematic of the struggle.

We all know that changing to low energy light bulbs can reduce energy consumption. But such lighting is still often left on when rooms are empty, dramatically illustrated by any night-time city skyline. Plus there is the residual heat generated which causes extra load on a facility’s air conditioning plant.

Constant Daylight
Simple timers can reduce some of this overhead, as can presence detection (which automatically switches lights on and off when someone enters/leaves a room) or absence detection (which requires manual light activation but automatically switch off when someone leaves.) But now there is a smarter and greener adjunct to these tools: Constant Daylight (also known as Daylight Harvesting.)

The idea behind Constant Daylight/Daylight Harvesting is simple: using a combination of presence/absence detectors, light level detection and intelligent software, a lighting controller adjusts the lighting of a room to complement current natural light, producing a comfortable, constant lighting load which is switched off when occupancy has ceased.

One product that includes Constant Daylight/Daylight Harvesting functions is the DLC1000 Light Control Module from Durable Technologies. This Light Control Module works in conjunction with multiple DLS1000 sensors to constantly monitor for absence and light levels, adjusting lighting for a comfortable working environment, eliminating it when no-one is in the room.

Using less power
So effective is Constant Daylight that in a recent installation, on a typically overcast British spring day, the DLC1000/DLS1000 combination kept the ambient light level in a classroom of 15 sq m at a steady 300 lux and used 60 per cent less power than conventional lighting. And in some cases, a bright, sunny day enables Constant Daylight to eliminate artificial light use altogether. Obviously Constant Daylight cannot be used at night, but presence/absence detection means that full lighting is only used when a room is occupied, changing your building to a low-carbon gap in the night skyline.

Durable Technologies designed the DLC1000 Light Control Module as a KNX device, it is certified to work with any of the thousands of other KNX building controls available from manufacturers world-wide, delivering the cost saving benefits of open standards at a time when budgets are tighter than ever.

That’s why Constant Daylight/Daylight Harvesting is a powerful and cost effective tool in your quest for ever greater carbon footprint reductions.

Heating control for a Surrey home

September 14th, 2009

“Energy efficiency and ease of use are what I want”, said the client in the first brief. What was delivered was a lot more, including almost almost all elements of a sophisticated residential project, but keeping ease of use as a driver.

The result is 16 zones of underfloor heating controlled accurately from a single point as well as in each room.  The owner has a switch style they want and the use of a complex system (including pumps, boiler, manifolds and vents) without having to learn a complicated interface or timer-controller.

The system has four pre-set scenes for each room. A light scene is a pre-programmed preference for different lights within a room. By touching 1 button, the owner can recall a scene on a gradual fade up or down. One of the scenes is also the ALL OFF for the whole house. The scenes are easily adjusted via the switch in each room and can be permanently stored by the user, rather like a car radio. In some rooms local control of individual lights is also provided, at the desk in the the study, and the bedside lights for instance.

Other Top features

  1. Accurate and efficient heating control of 12 underfloor zones replacing TRV (thermostatic valves)
  2. Blinds & Curtains including roller blinds
  3. Multi-room audio in all rooms with up to 8 sources

Customer Comment

“This system provides me with a complete solution. We get simple and clear control of all the elements which are in daily use by me, my wife, and the children.”

The refurbishment of an existing building for sustainable use is always a challenge.  Older buildings simply weren’t designed with any focus on reducing energy usage and there are numerous questions to be asked about refurbishment from an environmentally friendly perspective:

  • Can you reduce energy consumption in order to meet current standards?
  • How can you improve heating/cooling, ventilation and comfort, without increasing your energy consumption?
  • How can you make best use of the existing structure, e.g. the thermal mass of your building?
  • How can you make use of the higher ceiling heights?
  • How do you retain the appearance of architecturally important buildings whilst improving energy and comfort?
  • Can you make changes with occupants in place?  Critical in a commercial environment.
  • And I could go on, but you get the picture…

So when one of our customers was tasked with the design and installation of a lighting control system into a prestigious London educational establishment, all these factors and more had to be taken into account.  The project involved the refurbishment of an old building, with one wing of the building split into offices and a large open plan space. The client required a maintenance free and expandable lighting control system, which could deliver a high level of reliability.  They had already tried other systems and they simply weren’t delivering what they were looking for, until the M&E Consultants recommended KNX as a solution that could meet the rigorous specification.

Absence/presence detection was required to control lighting levels, monitor light levels and to provide constant daylight levels during the academic day.  The reduction of energy consumption/energy costs was also a critical factor and the client stressed from the beginning how they needed to clearly demonstrate that the refurbishment was contributing to the reduction of their carbon footprint.  The M&E consultant specifically selected KNX as a sustainable reliable solution that could deliver flexibility and future-proof the building to accommodate any changes further down the line.

Throughout the building, standard MK switches were installed along with 1000 lighting controllers on a BUS, IP backbone.  Everything is DSI controlled for reliability and reduced maintenance.  All of the offices are fitted with presence detectors and MK switches, ensuring flexibility, but guaranteeing energy is not wasted when the room is vacated.  The switches control presence on entry to the rooms, while the sensors switch off lighting upon leaving.  Both presence and absence detectors control the large open plan area, so that lighting is only used when necessary.

The installation complies with Part L of the Building Regulations (Conservation of fuel and power) and fully complies with the Carbon Trust’s guidelines and selection criteria by clearly demonstrating the potential for substantial greenhouse gas emission savings.  It is estimated that the new lighting control system alone will deliver around a 50% reduction in total energy consumption.

The installation needed to be completed out of term time, so the ‘plug & play’ modularity of KNX products ensured that minimum time was required on site for the actual fit and the work was completed with minimum disruption. The client is delighted with the finished installation, and has already agreed to roll out the lighting control system across the entire building, the end result of which will be one of the largest KNX installations in the country.

Client Comment

Fast Installation, Functionality, Comfort for the occupiers, Economics/Energy Saving, Extended lamp life/cost savings, KNX delivered exactly what we were looking for in what was a tricky refurb project.

Energy efficient office

September 9th, 2009

This three story building owned by a modern media company had many ‘Eco-features’ bundled in to the design. Networked intelligence based on the KNX standard determines the environmental condition of a room and adjustes the heating, cooling, blinds and artifical light to provide the ideal working environment.
This building has a call centre on the ground floor, an operations room on the first floor and a studio and broadcast suite on the top floor. All have unique needs that were configured after the building was occupied and will be changed as the building use evolves over the years.

Top features

  1. Heating and Cooling – the heating and cooling provided by Daikin is controlled through an interface from Intesis. THe possibilities for personal control and energy saving are realised by room and by area. Motion sensors allow for meeting rooms to be made comfortable when people are in them and then switched ‘off’ when they are vacated.
  2. Lighting – luminaires with DALI balasts provide highly controllable light, cost effectively. Light dependency is dealt
  3. Blinds – motorised venitian blinds can be independently controlled and the louvre angle adjusted to allow for variable external light conditions and to maximise, or minimise, the effects of solar gain depending on the season.
  4. Energy monitoring – Using the Synetica datastream the energy use of the building is monitoried on a floor-by-floor and circuit-by-circuit level so the building service manager can see where the energy is being used, and can adjust it as he wants.

Project Summary

  • Gira Homeserver helps Jewish family abide by the sabbath rules
  • Smart Home’ solution for five bedroom house to allow the client to observe religous restrictions on operating lighting and heating

Project Description

The integrator was asked by a Client to provide a ‘Smart Home’ solution for their five bedroom, three bathroom house in a prestigious area of Leeds . The main criteria was that the lights in the house should be controlled for a period of 25 hours without the family having to break the Jewish Sabbath rules relating to creating or extinguishing fire (Observant Jews consider the switching of any electrical item to be a form of fire creation).

The Jewish Sabbath runs from 18 minutes before sunset on a Friday night until it is completely dark on the following Saturday night. During that time, Observant Jews cannot switch lights (or any other electrical item) on or off. So at specific times, dependant on the sunset/sunrise times of the year, lights need to be ‘timed’ to go on and off automatically without the intervention of any of the family.

In times gone by Jews would employ a gentile to come in and light the fire and lights on a Saturday afternoon. With the advent of electricity, the lights could be left on all night and day, or basic timers could be used.

I was never too concerned about switching lights on and off on the Sabbath. However, when I became more observant in my 40s, I wanted a more modern solution to lighting my home without having to break the Sabbath rules. I had heard about “smart” electronics and I thought that this might offer a solution. Having met a local contractor in Leeds and discussed what I was trying to do I found that they really did not understand the issues in play. They were perfectly able to allow me to time my lights, but only at fixed times and these could not easily be changed without asking them to arrange this. Clearly this was not a workable solution and would cause more problems than it solved.

The Gira Homeserver has an inbuilt astral clock, so it knows what time the sun rises and sets. This proved to be key to the solution he created for us. By using the HomeServer, a series of six separate Sabbath scenes commence automatically each Friday evening at exactly the right time and conclude with a number of lights switched on by Saturday night. These are then switched off manually when they are no longer required to be on. The scenes run as follows:

  1. Friday evening starting 30 minutes before sunset for dining and entertaining, includes outdoor lighting
  2. Friday overnight with dimmed corridor lighting and bathroom lighting
  3. Saturday morning with lights on in dressing rooms and kitchen
  4. Saturday late morning with no lights on
  5. Saturday lunch with lights for dining or entertaining
  6. Saturday afternoon starting 3 hours before sunset with general lighting for reading, etc

The system works perfectly with a seamless transition from one scene to the next. Outdoor lights
are included and because many circuits can be dimmed, the entire process is energy efficient too. Because sunset is used as the trigger for the first and last scenes, any seasonal changes are completely automated.

Adding or removing lights from a scene is very simple as the scene can be called up using a web link, is manually modified (for example adding lighting in another room if needed) and then saved.

As well as lights, the HomeServer controls a number of mains sockets which can be used for appliances such as hot plates in order to keep food warm. These can be set to repeat the same event each week, removing the need for unsightly timers plugged into sockets, or can be easily set for one off requirements.
As well as the Sabbath there are certain other festivals where the same rules apply regarding lighting. These dates vary from year to year as they are dictated by a lunar calendar. Such dates are easily manually programmed into the HomeServer, again using the web link. Each successive festival is easy to create, simply by editing the previous events used.

We therefore have a system which allows total flexibility allowing every light in the home to be timed. The timing memory also knows how bright or dim the lights should be which makes it very flexible and by using scenes we do not lose all the lighting when the system switches off, just the lights we no longer need. The added benefits of timed outdoor lighting in the week and simulated occupancy when away are welcome bi-products of HomeServer.

Customer Comment

I am not aware that KNX had been used for this application before. It works perfectly in a foolproof way, starting up automatically every Friday evening. There is nothing that can be forgotten, it just does its job. We are delighted with what we have ended up with and it is a credit to the integrator that they have understood our needs and provided such a fitting solution.

Project Summary

Full integration of all the essential building services (DALI lighting, heating, blinds, AV, Access control) in this busy and critical intensive care ward. Reliabilty not optional.

Project Description

Imperial College London Healthcare, QEQM Adult intensive care unit was moved into a new floor of an existing building. The challenge was to incorporate the all service requirements of such a sensitive space with the simple usability that is required for 24 hour use by a rotation of staff. KNX delivered a wide ranging solution from straightforward lighting control to more complex control of HVAC, TVs and access control.

  • All functions are controlled from 21 x Gira InfoTerminalTouch 7″ touchscreens with KNX interface
  • Lighting – DALI control of all luminaires by constant brightness and motion
  • Blinds – venitian blinds lift and tilt to provide brightness control and privacy

Customer Comment

“We were suprised that there was such a comprehensive solution available. We had tried other systems in the past, but they were invariably not fit for such comprehensive applications On every occasion we asked more of KNX the answer was, “Yes”. The end result is an excellent solution for the hospital, and has been operating faultlessly since being commissioned.” Hospital M&E Services Manager.”

Top features

  1. Wall mounted touch screens for nurse control of all room variables including the TV and a ‘crash’ situation
  2. DALI lighting control throughout. Flexible levels and energy saving
  3. HVAC control via BACnet from touchscreens
  4. Control of wall mounted TVs from a Gira touch screen via IP
  5. Access control to wards opening doors
  6. Motion sensors on all corridors and rooms
  7. Venitian blind control for brightness and privacy
  8. Control of ‘Intelligent Glass’ for privacy between treatment rooms

Project Type

Simple, efficient control of household systems, enhancing the life of everyone who
lives in and visits the house. The house belongs to a well known art dealer, and so the look and feel and discrete finish were all important.

Customer Expectation

“I got many of the features in my car years ago. I wanted them in my house. This job started because of my interest in Gira Door entry, but has expanded to include all the esential services of the house. Clearly for me the aesthetic was very important. I chose the switche frames and colours from a wide selection.”

Customer Comment

“Great job, completed on time, with all the flexibility that we need as the use of the house changes and technology changes. We didn’t really know what was possible, but the installer proposed a solution for our lifestyle and stage of life and then adapted it as a result of some very straightforward meetings.”

Top features

  1. House-wide control from various positions. “Goodbye”, “Goodnight”, “Welcome home” that effect lighting, heating, blinds and alarm.
  2. Zoned heating control uses energy where it is needed when it is needed
  3. Presence simulation while home is unoccupied
  4. Motion sensors in rooms both convenient and energy saving
  5. Lighting scenes that can be programmed and saved by user
  6. Good looking switches integrated with thermostats, audio, blind and security control
  7. Multiroom audio control from pushbuttons
  8. Alarm fob turns on welcoming lights, turns up heating and ups blinds on entering home
  9. Video door entry through front gate and front door to discrete flush screen in the same swtich style as all other fittings
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